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註冊新會員領50NT購物金，馬上領馬上用

獸研所貓咪腎臟保養主食罐｜研發故事及參考文獻

慢性腎臟病是貓常見的系統性疾病之一18，且好發於老貓16。因此，獸研所想研發一款無論是健康的貓咪或是罹患慢性腎病第一期(IRIS Stage 1) 8的熟齡貓皆可當作每日正餐食用的腎臟保健主食罐。

除了符合美國飼料品管協會(Association of American Feed Control Officials, AAFCO), 美國國家科學研究委員會(National Research Council, NRC)和歐洲寵物食品產業聯盟(European Pet Food Industry Federation, FEDIAF)的基礎營養需求建議量1, 4, 21，也針對腎臟機能維持欲提供的產品功能性訂定營養基準:

 

  1. 適當含量優質蛋白質:

   熟齡貓對蛋白質和脂質的消化能力較低12,23，且老年動物常見身體肌肉量的流失，甚至發生肌少症5。目前尚無文獻顯示高蛋白飲食會增加熟齡貓罹患慢性腎臟病的風險2,15，且降低蛋白質的攝取可能造成熟齡貓蛋白質的營養不良，進而引起更多健康問題11,13,19。除此之外，出現蛋白尿和尿毒症，或是被診斷為慢性腎病第三期(IRIS Stage 3)以上的慢性腎病病貓才需要嚴格限制飲食中的蛋白質含量17。
   慢性腎病初期的病貓，飲食上需適量限制蛋白質，以維持其體重及肌肉量7。因此，獸研所設定「適量含量優質蛋白」，以高品質的食材(雞胸肉、鮭魚和鮪魚肉為主，雞肝為輔)，去滿足熟齡貓的營養需求及維持體態，並有助慢性腎病病貓對抗惡病質20,22。

 

  1. 適量限磷及最佳鈣磷比:

　慢性腎病病貓，其腎臟過濾廢物的功能下降，磷排出受到影響，造成磷的滯留，長期衍變成高血磷，高血磷又進而影響體內副甲狀腺素等一系列的激素調控，最後可能造成腎病繼發的副甲狀腺素亢進(MBD)等問題15。

　過去許多研究顯示，單單限制磷的攝取，即可延緩貓慢性腎病的惡化2, 22。獸研所將本產品根據各國文獻17,19的建議，將磷含量控制在150-200mg/100kcal ME,也將鈣磷比控制在1.0-1.2，相對低磷，也讓健康的熟齡貓長期食用本產品不至於造成低血磷。

 

  1. 功能性添加物:

　左旋肉鹼(L-carnitine)可幫助脂肪代謝氧化後提供能量10。有研究顯示，飲食中添加左旋肉鹼有助於慢性腎病病貓改善其身體的營養狀態而維持其體重及肌肉量，而延長貓咪存活時間6, 7, 9, 25。除此之外，也有文獻指出，左旋肉鹼可能有助於改善老年動物認知功能下降的問題2, 14。
　茶胺酸(L-Theanine)是一種綠茶萃取而來的獨特胺基酸。研究發現，茶胺酸有助於貓情緒舒緩的效果3。壓力是造成貓下泌尿道疾病(FLUTD)的一大病因，而FLUTD也是造成貓慢性腎病的原因之一。因此，本產品添加茶胺酸，期許貓咪能有安穩的每一天。

 

  1. 添加魚油、維生素與胺基酸:

(1)飲食中加入富含不飽和脂肪酸的魚油2, 19, 22，可改善蛋白尿和腎指數,有助於延緩貓慢性腎病的惡化7。另外，有研究發現，攝取含有較高含量ω3脂肪酸的腎臟處方食品的慢性腎病病貓，其存活時間較長24。
除此之外，魚油也對老年動物的皮膚、關節和認知功能等有所助益。因此，獸研所以雞胸肉、鮭魚和鮪魚肉這些食材本身所帶的油脂，加入淬煉的雞油和魚油，並考量適口性和脂肪酸的比例去調配本產品。
 
(2)可溶性纖維可幫助部分含氮廢物轉由糞便排出，以減少腎臟負擔，對減緩慢性腎病惡化有所幫助2, 19。洋車前子含有可溶性和不可溶性纖維，除了腎臟保健之外，也有益於腸道機能的維持。
 
(3)飲食中添加抗氧化劑有助於貓慢性腎病病情的延緩7, 26。除此之外，老年動物許多身體機能的退化和體內自由基的氧化有關。因此，提升抗氧化劑的攝取對動物整體健康狀況是有所助益的2, 19, 26。本產品添加了天然抗氧化劑維生素C和維生素E，並提升其他水溶性維生素的含量，以彌補慢性腎病病貓的水溶性維生素於尿液中相對較大量的流失12。
 
(4)本產品也額外添加必須胺基酸，期望能更加彌補老年動物對蛋白質相對較低的消化能力，有助於防止肌肉流失，亦有助初期慢性腎病病貓身體質量指數及體重的維持7, 9, 22。

 

by 獸醫研發部門負責人｜Dr. Liang   

MSc in Animal Nutrition, University of Nottingham

參考文獻:

  1. AAFCO, Association of American Feed Control Officials (2014) The AAFCO Dog and Cat Food Nutrient Profiles.

  2. Case., et al. (2011) Canine and Feline Nutrition 3rd edition. 

  3. Dramard V, et al. (2018) Effect of l-theanine tablets in reducing stress-related emotional signs in cats: an open-label field study. Ir Vet J;71:21.

  4. FEDIAF, European Pet Food Industry Federation (2020) Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs.

  5. Freeman LM. (2012) Cachexia and sarcopenia: Emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med; 26(1):3-17.

  6. Gholipur-Shahraki T, et al. (2018) Effects of Carnitine on Nutritional Parameters in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Res Pharm Pract;7(2):57-68.

  7. Groves, E. (2020). Dietary management of the cat with early chronic kidney disease. Companion Animal, 25(6), 168-174.

  8. IRIS. (2019) Treatment Recommendations for CKD in Cats. [Online] iris-kidney.com. Available at: http://www.iris-kidney.com/pdf/IRIS_CAT_Treatment_Recommendations_2019.pdf

[Accessed: 07, October, 2021]

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  2. Katalinic L, et al. (2018) The Unexpected Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Lipid Metabolism in Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res;43(4):1113-1120.

  3. Laflamme DP. (2008) Pet food safety: dietary protein, Top Companion Anim Med 23:154-157.

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  6. Malaguarnera, Mariano, et al. (2007) L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 86.6: 1738-1744.

  7. Marge Chandler. Clinical Cat and Dog Nutrition. 2021, PFMA Pet food and Nutrition Course.

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  12. M. Scherk. (2018) When Do Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease Need Protein Restriction? [Online] www.vin.com. Available at: https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=8896503&pid=22915& [Accessed: 02, January, 2022]

  13. NRC, National Research Council (2006) Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats.

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