貓下泌尿道症候群(Feline lower urinary tract disease, FLUTD),常發生於2-7歲齡的成貓6。患病的貓可能會出現血尿(hematuria)、頻尿(pollakiuria)、排尿困難(dysuria)、尿痛(stranguria),甚至是無尿(anuria)等臨床症狀22。根據研究統計,於10歲齡以下的成貓中,造成FLUTD最常見的病因為貓自發性膀胱炎(Feline idiopathic cystitis,FIC),其次則為泌尿道結石4, 8, 14。
直到今日,FIC的致病機制尚不清楚,但普遍認為,FIC是由環境壓力引發神經內分泌系統的變化,導致膀胱內的發炎反應2, 12。許多獸醫醫學研究指出,飲水量減少、活動量降低、體重過重、多貓家庭及情緒壓力…等,都可能為造成FIC的危險因子12。
目前,FIC尚無治癒的方法,治療的目標多以減輕臨床症狀的嚴重程度,和延長疾病發作間隔為主。除了可藉由提升飲水量來緩解FIC以外3, 23, 營養管理也是重要一環。據研究顯示,將家貓的食物從乾飼料轉換為濕食13, 20,可以顯著降低貓下泌尿道症候群的復發率。此外,情緒壓力的緩和,更是改善FIC的重要因子。
獸研所的成貓泌尿保養主食罐,除了依據美國飼料品管協會(Association of American FeedControl Officials, AAFCO),美國國家科學研究委員會(National Research Council, NRC)和歐洲寵物食品產業聯盟(European Pet Food Industry Federation,FEDIAF)的成貓每日基本營養需求建議量1,10, 21進行配方之外,針對貓自發性膀胱炎以及泌尿道保健的管理,特別添加了以下的功能性成分:
1. N-乙醯葡萄糖胺(N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, NAG)
N-乙醯葡萄糖胺(NAG),有助於維持貓隻膀胱內皮的醣胺聚醣(Glycosaminoglycan,GAG)的含量,這可能對膀胱黏膜的健康有益,並且可能降低細菌和結石附著於膀胱壁的風險12。據研究顯示,服用NAG對於FIC患貓的泌尿健康有正面的影響11, 22。
2. 左旋色氨酸(L-Tryptophan)
色氨酸是貓體內合成褪黑激素(melatonin)和血清素(serotonin)的前驅物。其中,色氨酸可藉由增加血清素的濃度,而對情緒穩定有所幫助2。研究指出,貓隻長期攝取添加左旋色氨酸的食品,可顯著降低泌尿道相關症狀的發生率3, 20,並且可能對貓的情緒健康有幫助11, 12, 16, 19, 23。
3. 美國進口蔓越莓粉(Cranberrypowder)
蔓越莓(Vaccinium macrocarpon)含有豐富的原花青素(proanthocyanidins)。原花青素是一種可能幫助避免細菌附著於膀胱壁的多酚類7。另外,蔓越莓萃取物在研究中被發現能夠抑制發炎反應中許多發炎相關物質的活性12。2021年,也有研究指出,蔓越莓對於FIC患貓的下泌尿道健康有正面影響7, 12。
4. 茶胺酸(L-Theanine)
茶胺酸,是一種由綠茶萃取而來的獨特胺基酸。由於其化學結構與一種大腦的興奮性神經傳遞物質麩胺酸(glutamate)相似,使得茶胺酸可以和神經元上的受體結合,而減少了麩胺酸可和受體結合的機會,進而促進放鬆和消除神經緊張,使得動物的情緒較為平靜。2018年,也有文獻指出,茶胺酸對於貓的情緒健康有所助益9。
5. 富含ω3脂肪酸的魚油
魚油為EPA和DHA的主要來源,EPA和DHA屬於ω3脂肪酸17。而ω3脂肪酸具有抗發炎及抗氧化的特性。研究顯示,攝取ω3脂肪酸含量較高的飲食可能對貓的泌尿健康有正面影響11, 12, 15, 20。另外,魚油對於貓的腎臟、骨關節、皮膚…等的健康亦有所助益4, 5, 6, 18。
獸研所的成貓泌尿保養主食罐,除了高含水量外,也以優質的動物性蛋白為主要熱量來源。動物性蛋白除了雞胸肉、鮭魚和鮪魚等,也佐以雞肝,以提供成貓蛋白質的營養基礎。脂質的部分,則以雞油和魚油作為主要食材。主食罐內也加入維生素與礦物質,且額外添加必需胺基酸。此外,加入洋車前子膳食纖維,以維護腸道蠕動機能。本產品內更添加了N-乙醯葡萄糖胺、左旋色氨酸、茶胺酸、蔓越莓粉及ω3脂肪酸,並搭配天然抗氧化劑維生素E以維持貓泌尿道的健康13,期許能讓他們安穩的度過每一天。
針對成貓泌尿道健康的管理,除了飲食之外,提升飲水量,以及環境豐富化都是很重要的!3,22飼主們應盡量逐步營造能降低貓咪情緒壓力的環境。例如,提供多處新鮮的水源、足夠數量的貓砂盆,以及準備貓抓板和跳台等23。再加上以本產品做為貓咪日常生活的主食,期許各位飼主家裡心愛的貓咪們能維持良好的泌尿健康。
By 獸研所 品牌共同創辦人暨研發長|梁雁婷 獸醫師
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